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Only 2 companies make CPUS for PCs 

INTEL & AMD

click here for more info

Essentially if Gaming and streaming & General use AMD is better

For more productivity on top of gaming or professional Image/video productions, large databse/speadsheet creation INTEL leads the way with its higher number of cores

There are actually only 3 companies that make the DRAM chips they are:

Micron (Crucial), Samsung, and Hynix 

All component companies buy the ram chips/boards from them and style them differently and add different features ie. ARGB Lighting, heatsinks.

When looking at ram the higher the MHZ the better and the lower The CL the better It is also best to run memory in DUAL channel ( 2 sticks rather than 1 or 4) for compatibility and stability

There are 3 companies who make dedicated GPUS. Click Here for info 

-HDD - Hard disk Drive data stored on metalic disks 

+ High capapcity 

- disks can warp over time due to high use and heat causing failure.

- Slow data transfer

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SSD Solid State Drives

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M.2 Sata 

m.2 smaller sata format

+ Fast Data Transfer speed

- Limited Capacity sizes available

-NVME-

+ Super speed data transfer for almost instant load times

+ Plug Straight into board so no cables

- Limited Size capacity 

- Expensive

ALL Power supplies sold in the UK must have the UKCA or CE markings which means they have been tested to the standrads and electrical and fire safety standards of the UK which is amongst the strictist in the world so as long as power supply comes with those it is safe, the 80 Plus refers to the energy efficieny of the psu like on Fridges/freezers Tvs graded Energy rating A - F in this case the higher the grade the more efficient they are and are less likley to run at full power all the time and use less electricity.

Make sure you choose the wattage that meets the power requirements of your CPU and PSU.

Modular 

 Only connect the cables you need to use so more efficient and look nicer

Non Modular

All cables you may use on the pc are pre fitted leaving a lot of unplugged cables to hide.

Cases are generally the same just different styles

you can spend from £30 - £500 on a case. depending on your style and preference but here are the

Main points

1) choose a case with suitable air flow for your needs

2) make sure the case is big enough to fit the GPU and cooler you have chosen

3) make sure you choose the right case for your mainboard size

SIzes

TINY - ITX/SFF

SMALL (micro/mid) - Fit MATX 

Medium  (mid) FIT MATX/ATX

LARGE (FULL TOWER) FIT matx/atx

XLARGE (EATX) fit ATX/ETX

choosing a case bigger than your motherboard will expose a lot of the cables and leave a lot of the metal fixtures in the case showing and will look odd